Landscape modelling

Stephen M.E. & H.H. Hasbrouck, 2001, Landscape modelling, McGraw-Hill, New York

• Author : Stephen M.E. & H.H. Hasbrouck
• Year : 2001
• Title English : Landscape modelling
• Publisher : McGraw-Hill
• Publisher's Location : New York
• ISBN : 0-07-135745-9
• Pages : 290
• Abstract : This book is about modeling the landscape, and so it has both an action-oriented purpose - modeling - and an object-oriented one - landscape. Modeling simply means making representations, such as drawings, paintings, cardboard mock-ups, or, more specifically, using digital computers and computer software to organize information
• Comments : texts availeble from: http://www.landscapemodeling.org/ Note: This Website contains abbreviated text. For complete text see book
• Outline : Table of Contents Chapter 1: Landscape Modeling Chapter 2: Landform Chapter 3: Vegetation Chapter 4: Water Chapter 5: Atmosphere Chapter 6: Synthesis Chapter 1: Landscape Modeling 1.1 Introduction to Landscape Modeling 1.1.1 Reasons for Modeling 1.1.2 Dimensions of Modeling 1.1.3 Techniques for Digital Modeling 1.2 Two Dimensional Models 1.2.1 Coordinate Systems 1.2.2 Map Coordinates 1.2.3 Pixcels and Color Space 1.2.4 Points, Lines, Polygons, and Curves 1.3 Three Dimensional Models 1.3.1 Surfaces 1.3.2 Solid Models 1.4 Operations in 3D Modeling 1.4.1 Organization: Repetition, Combination, et al. 1.4.2 Boolean Operations: Intersection, Difference, Union, et al. 1.4.3 Procedural Operations and Scripting 1.5 Rendering 1.5.1 Ray-tracing 1.5.2 Multichannel Textures 1.5.3 Procedural Textures 1.6 Presentation 1.6.1 Lighting and Shadows 1.6.2 Camera Frame and Viewpoint 1.7 Calculations from 2D and 3D Models 1.7.1 Database Models 1.7.2 GIS-Based Analysis 1.8 Dynamics: 4D Models 1.8.1 Generation 1.8.2 Movement Through 1.8.3 Movement Of 1.8.4 Interaction With 1.9 A Brief History of Computer Graphics in Landscape Modeling Chapter 2: Landform 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Two-Dimensional Representations 2.2.1 Spot Elevations 2.2.2 Contours 2.2.3 Cross Sections 2.3 Three Dimensional Terrain 2.3.1 Surfaces 2.3.1.1 Simple Planes 2.3.1.2 Grid Mesh 2.3.1.3 Ruled Surface 2.3.1.4 TIN – Triangulated Irregular Network 2.3.1.5 Parametric Surfaces: Patches and NURBs 2.3.2 Three-Dimensional Solid Terrain 2.3.2.1 Parametric Solids 2.3.2.2 Stepped Contours (“Pancake” Models) 2.3.2.3 Boolean 0perations 2.3.2.4 Rocks 2.4 Operations on Terrain: Space Forming, Design Approaches 2.5 Textures on Landform 2.5.1 Simple Color 2.5.2 Multichannel Textures, Including Photographic-Based 2.5.3 Draped 2D Image Maps 2.5.4 Geospecific Textures 2.5.5 Geotypical Textures 2.6 Terrain Visualization 2.6.1 Tiling of Texture Maps 2.6.2 Levels of Detail 2.63 Lights and Shadows on Landform 2.7 Calculations on Terrain: Analytic Models 2.7.1 Cut and Fill Volume Calculations 2.7.2 GIS-Based Elevation, Slope, and Aspect Analysis 2.8 Dynamics – Procedural Models and Representations 2.8.1 Generation 2.8.1.1 Fractal Terrain 2.8.1.2 Terraforming 2.8.2 Movement Through Terrain 2.8.3 Movement of Terrain 2.8.4 GIS-Based Erosion and Other Dynamic Models Chapter 3: Vegetation 3.1 Introduction 3.2 2D Models of vegetation 3.2.1 Photographs for Collage and Drawing 3.2.2 Paraline/Orthographic Drawings 3.2.2.1 Planting Plans 3.2.2.2 Plan Symbols 3.2.2.3 Elevation and Section Symbols 3.3 3D Vegetation Models 3.3.1 Surfaces 3.3.1.1 Billboards 3.3.1.2 Silhouette 3.3.1.3 Layered Canopy 3.3.2 Solid Representations 3.3.2.1 Simple Parametric Solids – Cones, Cylinders 3.3.3.1 Parametric 3D Models 3.3.3.2 Special Trees –Palms, Others 3.3.4 Plant Structures: Groves and Allees 3.4 Textures on Plant Material 3.4.1 Maps on Solids 3.4.2 Simple Color 3.4.3 Bump Maps and Other Compound Textures 3.4.4 Photograph-based Textures 3.4.5 Procedural Textures 3.4.6 Grass and Groundcovers 3.5 Visualization Concerns 3.5.1 Transparency 3.5.2 Lighting 3.5.3 Shadows 3.5.4 Levels of Detail 3.6 Plant Dynamics 3.6.1 Generation 3.6.1.1 Recursive Plant Forms 3.6.1.2 Other Plant-Generation Codes 3.6.2 Movement Through Vegetation 3.6.2.1 Vegetation Walk-throughs 3.6.3 Movement of Vegetation 3.6.3.1 Physics-based Kinetic Systems 3.6.3.1.1 Blowing in the Wind 3.6.3.2 Forest Growth Models Chapter 4: Water 4.1 Introduction 4.2 2D Models of Water 4.2.1 Paraline /Orthographic Drawings 4.2.2 Hypsography 4.3 3D Models of Water 4.3.1 Surfaces 4.3.1.1 Flat Planes 4.3.1.2 Rippled Surfaces 4.3.1.3 Lakes and Ponds 4.3.2 Solid Representations 4.3.2.1 Simple Parametric Solids – Prisms 4.3.2.2 Falling Water 4.3.2.3 Mist, Spray, Drops 4.4 Textures for Water 4.4.1 Simple Color 4.4.1.1 Transparency 4.4.1.2 Reflectivity 4.4.1.3 Refractivity 4.4.2 Multichannel Textures 4.4.3 Underwater Effects 4.4.4 Wet Objects 4.4.5 Puddles 4.4.6 Snow and Ice 4.5 GIS-based Hydrologic Models 4.6 Water Dynamics 4.6.1 Movement Through Water 4.6.2 Movement of Water 4.6.2.1 Ripples and Waves 4.6.2.2 Waterfalls 4.6.2.3 Fountains 4.6.3 Multimedia – Sound Chapter 5: Atmosphere 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Illumination 5.2.1 Sunlight 5.2.2 Moonlight 5.2.3 Night Lighting 5.3 Shadows 5.4 The Sky 5.5 Clouds 5.6 Weather 5.6.1 Haze and Fog 5.6.2 Rain 5.7 Colors in the Landscape 5.8 Atmospheric Dynamics 5.8.1 Solar Motion 5.8.2 Wind Chapter 6: Synthesis 6.1 Introduction - Putting It All Together 6.1.1 Structures, Vegetation, and Water on Landform 6.1.2 People and Other Animals 6.2 Professional Practice 6.2.1 Accuracy, Precision, and Conversion 6.2.2 Digital Modeling Project Management 6.3 Presentation and Output Media 6.3.1 Camera and Viewpoint 6.3.1.1 Plan View 6.3.1.2 Plan Oblique 6.3.1.3 Eye-level Perspective 6.3.1.4 Animation Cameras and Viewpoints 6.3.2 Media 6.3.2.1 On-Screen 6.3.2.2 Printed Output 6.3.2.3 35 mm Slides or Photographs 6.3.2.4 World Wide Web 6.3.2.5 Animations 6.3.2.6 Video 6.3.2.7 QTVR 6.3.2.8 VRML 6.3.2.9 Immersion 6.4 Data Sources 6.4.1 USGS, GIS Agencies 6.4.2 Surveyors 6.4.3 Digitizing 6.5 Ethical and Representational Concerns 6.6 Final Thoughts; Next Steps Glossary Software