Maria BOSTENARU DAN, 2007, VON DEN PARTIZIPTIONSMODELLEN DER 70er JAHRE ZU KOMMUNIKATIONSFORMEN ENDE DES XX.ten JAHRHUNDERTS IN ARCHITEKTUR UND STÄDTEBAU, Cuvillier, Göttingen
- Author : Maria BOSTENARU DAN
- Year : 2007
- Title English : From the Participative Models of the 1970s to Communication Forms at the end of the 20th century in Architecture and Urbanism
- Publisher : Cuvillier
- Publisher's Location : Göttingen
- ISBN : 9783867271219
- Pages : 198
- Edition : 1st
- Abstract : Western participatism was investigated. The history of participation features a change in terms, from „participation“ to „communication“ making here with, that today citizens are active actors in the participative process. “Communication involves several activities in the intermediary work of planning processes. These single activities shaped with time. Each decade from 1960 on contributed to one of them, paralelly to the democratization of planning and the subsequent change of the professional image of architects. The relationship between the contribution of these decades can be seen in an integrative example: the IBA Emscher Park (Germany), showing that development steps are to be seen as layers and not as phases. The first generation of participatism Dominant tasks in the 1960s and 1970s concerned the extension of cities in the periphery. The planning theory, leaded by intervention-administration and adaptation, leaded to a “closed” model of planning, in which a planning subject disposed about all the information and means and “created” a new “world” out of a “tabula rasa” situation. Participation attempts were singular approaches: - Empirical only (Byker in New Castle, UK) - A theoretical contribution (Christopher Alexander’s Pattern Language model) (Alexander et al., 1977) In the 1970s the planning tasks shifted towards the conversion of city zones. Inner city zones were no “tabula rasa” situation any more, and the planer had to mind numerous actors, usages, constructions. It was a time, when a new planning model was looked for, with a similar enthusiasm architects of previous centuries were after a new style. The understanding of planning methamorphosed to an “open” planning model. Numerous participation models correspond to a planning model. These participation models differ through their organization forms or methods. An important contribution to their development had the approach by the Stichting Architects Research (Holland), by proposing a method, which was not only suitable for isolated projects, but also for the research on buildings, as the contribution of Ottokar Uhl in Austria (Hollabrunn) (Leichtle, 1993) has later shown. The planning after singular contracts became a learning process. Offer-planning of the public city administration as well as performance administration complete the image of planning of the time. The former architectural concepts (the Modernism, the autonomous architecture) still co-exist with the newly developed model, but a new view of professionality in architecture took shape. The second generation of participatism In the 1980s the discussion in planning theory was concentrated on the open model of “incrementalismus”. “Incrementalismus” (Häusermann, Siebel, 1993, p. 141-144) means, that the exhaustive planning access is dissolved into more small steps. The means to achieve the planning scopes are distributed on different planning levels and time horizons and applied through different kinds of plans, different means for image building and consensus construction. Within strategical planning innovation is continuously possible. The focus of the tasks lays in city revitalization and attracted the attention of more important actors through key projects. The PPP (public private partnership) developed at the time makes clear, that participation includes the danger, to build inequality: there aer actors, who stay in foreground. Also the amount of the determination zone won complexity: from the immediate residential surroundings to the wide landscape, on the city edge, as part of the environment. In order to solve environmental problems, bottom-up co-determination was necessary, and a corresponding refreshing of the democratization approaches in the planning. The most expressive form, in which citizens could co-determine, were the local partnerships of the time (co-operation of the public administration with local neighbourships). The later were active in task fields like: - Improvement of housing surroundings (Zürich, Switzerland), - Neighbourhood help in urban renewal (Vienna, Austria), - Co-operation nets for less-favoured city zones (Bremen, Germany), - Renovation of buildings, - Infrastructure for self made works. In all cases it was about supporting social nets. The communication wasn’t expressed anymore in the classical participation, having-part of third in the decision process of the administration, but through procedualisation, problem solving through simultaneous decision processes. The role of the planner changed: they became intermediaries between the state, the market and the inhabitants. In the 1990s the cities have grown to complex metropolises, the problems of which were solved mainly through the already verified models of PPP and strategical planning. A new and interesting approach is that of the town forum Berlin: a new edition of the citizens’ forums from the 1970s (the Munich Forum, for example) adapted to the new and unique conditions, which occurred in Berlin after the reunification with the Eastern part. The city forum proved successful in solving its tasks. The partnershiplike co-operation goes here over the limits of the PPP, in so far, that the publicity stages were oriented accordingly to the representatives of the urban society, the expert public and the wide public. Innovation through strategical planning was practices at the GrünGürtel (green belt) Frankfurt. During the GrünGürtel-project-year the participation attempts were concentrated to make an image of the free space. It was about more than a symbol of the “green” at the town edge, which replaces the old protective wall, as it was also about the determination of a frame for the mosaic of areas. Certain interest nodes were foreseen. These were worked out detailedly and expressely foreseen for a multitude of uses, in order to spare sensible zones. Simultaneously the communication reached more than the “offer participation”. Recently, together with a new set of tasks, a new model of planning has been getting through. This has been again in the pioneering phase, and was made known on the basis of demonstrative projects. The new task is called: innovation. As corresponding model “Planning through projects” was developed. A multiple times mentioned example, where this planning model was applied, is the IBA Emscher Park, because it is exactly the development of old-industrial regions which has called for the new tasks. It isn’t anymore a matter of disparities between town and countryside, or a matter of modernization, but a matter of regions, which have modernity behind them, but a false modernity. No conversion in classical sense is possible there, and innovation is a necessity. In case of the IBA Emscher Park a “strategy of endogenous potentials” was applied. This supposes the use of numerous communication forms. These again were experimented on different projects, which were admitted by the IBA. It is also a matter of their networking: a transition from one-point-participation to communication strategy. The strategy of the IBA further follows the theory of incrementalismus; new in their approach is, that the projects have to generate themselves the innovation potential, so that they will be a better routine and will not remain a singular event in a building exhibition. Leading projects serve the concentration of forces, so that results become visible in the shortest time. Subject of the investigation were case studies from Germany and Western Europe. Considered were participation approaches from the field of housing and improvement of housing environment (incl. landscape planning). Given the highly variate contextual conditions comparative analysis could sparsely be performed. Differences regarded primordially the creation conditions (competition, exhibition, contract, initiative of the commune), the premises, the realizations tages, and the size (from building up to region). These differences are to be attributed only limitedly to the historical development. But what changed with time are the expectations in the task setting, due to societal changes. This is reflected especially through the housing forms, and dwelling has always shown the life styles. In case of the latest examples, given the still short existence, only careful remarks, regarding the participative approach, can be made. It is the case of GrünGürtel Frankfurt, but especially of the IBA Emscher Park, where critique could be heard during the execution of the projects. The voluntary agreements, which were made within the communication strategy among the co-operating actors of the IBA Emscher Park, Town Forum Berlin, GrünGürtel (partnerships, charts, networks) show, that “in the heads” of the participants already a lot has moved. In all cases it was a matter of successful learning processes, of the improvement of the level of interdisciplinary dialogue, of the impulses for the daily action of the administration. Planning processes were moved in the intermediary zone in the environmental politics (IBA Emscher Park), ecological modernization, development of town quarters. The attempt: building research for participation developed in the early 1970s in the Netherlands, is now followed in Germany by ExWoSt. The presented participation attempts have nevertheless shown, that participation and communication, as more comprehensive concept, are an old topic in the field of politics-democratisation-urbanism. The social sciences thoughts about, the society would be the one, which asks for this, through higher expectations towards democratization, seem not to suffice anymore. Much closer to the right answer seems to stay the argumentation, the central tasks of the environmental politics are the ones, which cannot be justified and enforced without this communication effort. It is the enormous complexity of the city life, in its development to megalopolis, which is reflected here. On one side the communication strategy encompasses today components like citizen participation, offices coordination etc., which are tasks of the past and of the future. On the other side the communication strategies are component of more comprehensive politico-social scopes, than the participation itself was in the 1970s. Especially the reports on the ecological cities (Habitat II) propose procedures rich in communication, in order to reach sustainability, and this is no happenstance, as participation gets to be an important instrument on the way towards there, just like innovation and information. The strategical planning supposes communication to be a mean, not barely a scope. Planning and disciplinar knowledge don’t stay anymore in the foreground, communication doesn’t stay anymore in the background. They build much more each one side of the planning process.
- Outline : INTRODUCTION 1 CONCEPT BUILDING 1.1 Participation 1.2 Communication 1.3 Cooperation 2 Strategic Planning 3 Introduction to strategic planning exercise I THE FIRST GENERATION OF CITIZEN PARTICIPATION 1 THE PREHISTORY OF THE 1950S 1.1 Image of the Planning 2 THE 1960S: THE PRELIMINARY STAGE OF CITIZENS PARTICIPATION: THE HARD CORE 2.1 Image of the Planning 2.2.1 Functionalism 2.2.2 Informal consultation 2.2.3 1964 recovery plan Berlin: problems of acceptance, resistance 2.2.4 Participatory approaches 2.3 CASE STUDIES 2.3.1. THEORETICAL APPROACH: CH. ALEXANDER "A PATTERN LANGUAGE" 1967-77 2.3.2. EMPIRICAL APPROACH: R. Erskine - Byker in Newcastle (England) 1968-75 3 THE 1970s: OFFER PARTICIPATION 3.1 Image of the Planning 3.2.1 Political awakening: more democracy 3.2.2 Participation Models 3.2.2.1 Forms of organization 3.2.2.2 Methods 3.2.3 Autonomous Architecture 3.3. CASE STUDIES 3.3.1. S.A.R. METHOD: OTTOCAR UHL "HOUSING TOMORROW" HOLLABRUNN (AUSTRIA) 1972-76 II THE SECOND GENERATION OF CITIZEN PARTICIPATION 1 The 1980S 1.1 Image of the Planning 1.2.1 Reductions 1.2.2 Activation 1.2.3 Strategic Planning 1.2.4 Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) 1.2.5 Local partnerships 1.3. CASE STUDIES 1.3.1. LOCAL PARTNERSHIPS 1.3.1.1. Improving the housing environment (ex. greening of courtyards) 1.3.1.2. Alternative forms of housing 1.3.1.3. Stabilization and improvement of disadvantaged neighborhoods by collaborative networks (ex. open space and employment policy). Renovation concept Bremen Osterholz-Tenever, a large housing estate of the 70s. (2650 dwellings, 1992 7,000 inhabitants), 1989-1993, 2 The 1990s 2.1 Image of the Planning 2.2.1 Strategic Planning 2.2.2 PPP 2.2.3 The City Forum 2.3. CASE STUDY 2.3.1. CITY FORUM BERLIN (since 1991) 2.2.4 The new importance of the open space 2.3 CASE STUDY 2.3.2. "VISION OF OPEN GREEN SPACES": THE MAJOR PROJECT GREEN BELT FRANKFURT: 1990-1991 III NEW COMMUNICATIONSFORMS tendencies of development of citizen participation forms 1 From offer to activation 2 Destandardisation 3 From the method to the problem 4 From one-point participation to communication strategy IV-COMMUNICATION - PARTICIPATION: AN INTERACTION V. CASE STUDY: INTEGRATION OF COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES COOPERATION NETWORK: I.B.A. EMSCHER PARK VI OUTLOOK VII SUMMARY VIII CONCLUSION